聖經與文學
夏燕生
政大英文系教授
一、聖經中的文學
1. 文字
四個層次：表面、象徵、屬靈、預表
例：創世紀 12:1-3, 22:16-17; 列王記4:20; 彌迦書5:7
文學特質：比喻、意象、象徵、典故、擬人化、吊詭等
例︰詩篇23篇
2. 結構
舊約隱藏了新約﹐新約顯明了舊約
平行／重複句構凸顯主題
例︰創世紀1:3-5
出埃及記 14:11-12
馬太福音25: 14-30 才幹的寓言
對比凸顯主題
例︰詩篇1
箴言15:20, 32;
關鍵字凸顯主題
例︰創世紀32:21-22, 31; 33:10
比喻
例：箴言25: 11-12; 17:3; 27:21
吊詭
例：啟示錄5:14；約翰12：24-25
3. 主題
強調神與人的關係
葡萄樹與枝子、新郎與新婦、主人與僕人、父親與兒子、牧羊人與小羊
強調神與人的不同
詩篇118:8
二、文學中的聖經
John Milton’s The Paradise Lost,
George Herbert’s “The Altar,”
George Herbert’s “Iesu”;
George Herbert’s “Easter Wings”
John Donne’s “Batter My Heart,”
John Donne’s “Oh, to vex me”
Robert Frost’s “Nothing Gold Can Stay”
W. B. Yeats’ “Adam’s Curse,”
Gerard Manley Hopkins’s “God’s Grandeur,”
Larry Rubin’s “God Opens His Mail”
Linda Pastan’s “The Imperfect Paradise,”
Linda Pastan’s “Somewhere in the Euphrates”
James Wright’s “Saint Judas”
Affa Weaver’s “Ego,”
1. George Herbert’s “Iesu”
Iesu is in my heart, his sacred name
Is deeply carved there: but though th’other week
A great affliction broke the little frame,
Ev’n all to pieces: which I went to seek:
And first I found in the corner, where was I,
After, where ES, and next where U was graved.
When I had got these parcels, instantly
I sat me down to spell them, and perceived
That to my broken heart he was I ease you,
And to my whole is IESU.
典故︰詩篇147:3, 以賽亞書61:1
2. James Wright’s “Saint Judas”
When I went out to kill myself, I caught
A pack of hoodlums beating up a man.
Running to spare his suffering, I forgot
My name, my number, how my day began,
How soldiers milled around the garden stone
And sang amusing songs; how all that day
Their javelins measured crowds; how I alone
Bargained the proper coins, and slipped away.
Banished from heaven, I found this victim beaten,
Stripped, kneed, and left to cry. Dropping my rope
Aside, I ran, ignored the uniforms:
Then I remembered bread my flesh had eaten,
The kiss that ate my flesh. Flayed without hope,
I held the man for nothing in my arms.
典故：約翰福音13:18-19; 馬太福音 26:26-28
問題：a) 賣主的猶大居然成了聖徒！？
b) 受苦的意義
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